Freeman ch. 3
Eiffel Tower history
international expositions or exhibitions later became known as worlds fairs

similar to Epcot at Disney World, which celebrates technological innovation and international culture

but in the late 19th century technology was often described as sublime

iron and steel became the key symbols of modernity
as well as most of the very largest factories in the US
rolling mill


steel mill




Because steel required more skilled workers there was more visible labor conflict
labor unions
1892 Homestead Strike
factory owners defeated the unions
with the help of hired soldiers--the Pinkertons were a private security force

factory owners wanted control but practiced some paternalism--nice housing for workers but no sales of alcohol allowed in company towns

required the development of modern management


Scientific management:

World War I changed the balance