Wrigley review:

Exam:
exam write one essay, open book, open notes, open internet

• be careful to avoid plagiarism!
• informal citations are sufficient (author and page number or URL)
• you may write on your laptop, or on paper

you have the class period--50 minutes--write 2-3 double space pages

• you will have a choice of two questions
• make sure to answer the question asked!
• organize your essay into paragraphs with topic sentences (a one sentence introductory paragraph is ok)

Review:

Thesis: energy was the key to the industrial revolution in England

• in an organic economy economic growth will always be limited
• coal provides an unlimited source of energy so economic growth of the industrial revolution did not fizzle out
• what else do you need to sustain an industrial revolution?
• workers--population growth and people not needed in rural areas
• more efficient agriculture
• continuous innovation--belief in progress, development and use of science,
  
• capitalism--an economic system in which people can try new things and get rewarded
• market: consumer demand, transportation, an empire helps too
  

population

• population growth to provide workers and a larger market
• but not too fast (don't want economic growth divided up among too many people)
• population growth a little slower than economic growth (late marriage kept population growth in check)
  
• change in which were the largest cities--London was always largest but others changed a lot
  
• factories were built not in London but in cities near water power, transportation and coal
• easier to do new things in new cities without the weight of tradition
• people were willing to move around for new opportunities
  

what is modernization?

• modernization does not inevitably lead to an industrial revolution
• historian's definition: end of feudalism, strong central government, more of a merit system (less based on social class), wide availability of education
• helped spur industrialization in Britain, but wasn't enough by itself
  

all of these developments couldn't have continued without an unlimited source of energy

• England had coal that was particularly easy to access (near good water transportation, not buried too deep)
• England was already running out of wood before the industrial revolution began, so had experience using coal and motivation to find ways to use coal when it wasn't easy
• organic resources tend to get more expensive as you use more--you have to go further to find your raw materials
• coal became less expensive as you used more, once you improve transportation