Borg 5
Scorn and distrust between auto mechanics and customers
was a problem
licensing auto mechanics was quickly dropped by the industry,
which didn't want to pay higher wages. Never became
required.
the next solution was flat rates for doing particular
jobs--mechanics resisted this
the next solution was to make repair appear more scientific,
with impressive-looking diagnostic and testing machines
(mostly combining instruments already in use). Ford
Laboratory Test Set
But auto repair was not scientific, it was done mostly with
tacit knowledge
Background: Taylorism
Scientific management was invented by Frederick
Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
- Taylor came from an rich Philadelphia family
and was preparing for college but had problems with both his
eyesight and family finances. He was interested in
machines so he took a apprenticeship in industry, expecting to
work his way to the top
- he was shocked by how inefficient his fellow
workers were
- in 1878 he went to work for Midvale Steel,
first as a laborer, then as a foreman, then as chief
engineer. He started trying to find ways of getting the
workers to work more efficiently
- by 1881 he was doing time and motion studies
- he studied the design of shovels and
introduced a better design at Bethlehem Steel Works, reducing
the number of people shoveling from 500 to 140
source
- in 1883 he earned a night school engineering
degree from Stevens Institute of Technology and fairly soon he
had a business as a consulting engineer helping businesses
with worker efficiency
- in 1909 he published a book on
Principles of Scientific Management
Taylor's approach was based on the principle of
telling the worker how to do the job , but it had several
interconnected parts:
- improved metal-cutting machines using
high-speed tool steel that would cut faster without heat
damaging the tool
- better layout of the shop floor
- expected factory managers to get more
involved in how the work was done instead of leaving that to
the workers and the foreman (paid managers were replacing
entrepreneurs and not doing as good a job)
- timed workers with stopwatches, breaking
down the job into parts and looking at how the parts might be
done more efficiently
- Frank Gilbreth, who joined Taylor in 1907,
extended this to motion
study , watching how the worker moved and showing him or
her how to eliminate waste motion.
Lillian Gilbreth pioneered adaptions to allow the
handicapped to work.
- sought to figure out how to hire the right
worker for the job and to give the worker appropriate training
- introduced incentive pay plans--workers were
assumed to be motivated only by money. The
differential piece rate gave you a higher rate per piece
if you worked faster.
- more efficient recordkeeping
Taylor studying a worker
Taylor thought workers would like this
- their work was made more efficient and what
was expected of them was determined objectively on the basis
of scientific study rather than by a boss acting as a dictator
- what do you think workers thought?
- Congress investigated complaints by
government workers and the use of stopwatches was banned by
law in government shops
- workers had gone on strike
at the Watertown Arsenal when specialists came in with
stopwatches
- Taylor blamed this on union agitators but
it was in fact directed at Taylorism--skilled workers did
not want to loose control of their work
- workers weren't convinced by Taylor's
belief that rationalizing management so that it was fair
according to scientific principles would eliminate the
conflict between workers and management.
- Scientific management turned in the
direction of industrial psychology (
Lillian Gilbreth was a key figure in this change) to try
to get more cooperation from workers
- Taylor has continued to be
controversial
Winding
Armatures
at Westinghouse