• the answer is likely to be different for the rich and the poor
• compared to what?  compared to people who worked on farms?
• work on farms was becoming a less reliable  living (next chapter)
• work on farms was more varied and perhaps healthier
• timeframe: before or after 1850?
• industry created wealth and the rich got richer, but more opportunities for others as well
  
• traditional way of life was disrupted

- Owned most of the land and had inherited titles
- Most of their money came from rent from tenant farmers
- This declined as the industrial revolution shifted the working class to
manufacturing rather than farming
- King, queen, church clergy, Lords, Barons, and other titles
- Smallest class (made up < 2% of the population)

- Growing middle class
- the upper part of the middle class consisted of bankers, merchants, capitalists, and the factory owners. Also included high
officials, investors, and lawyers. No matter how rich you were you still counted as middle class if you didn't come from an aristocratic family
- Had the greatest financial benefits as a result of industrialization.
- They took these benefits and began getting involved in higher power positions in the
government
- lower middle class--shopkeepers, tradesmen, teachers
- skilled workers were sometimes seen as working class, sometimes as lower middle class
- Made up <10% of the population

- Consisted of servants, laborers, and factory workers
-‘High death rates, urgent health problems, and an overall culture of misery’
- ‘Sewage in the streets, low quality food, and no clean drinking water, all contributing to
major disease outbreaks’
- Sought reform through political influence which saw the introduction of labor unions, new
political parties, and strikes.
- Somewhat split into two subclasses with highly skilled workers like construction bosses
or factory foreman, the semiskilled with factory and construction workers, and the
unskilled with longshoremen and domestic servants.
- Made up a majority of the population

• upper class--aristocracy with inherited land (defined by who your parents were more than how much money you have), on the chart on the right nobility and gentry
  
• upper middle class--professionals, factory owners, merchants. Allen calls these the Bourgeoisie
• lower middle class--shopkeepers, tradesmen, teachers
  
• marginally lower middle class: skilled workers, farmers who managed land--with long term leases to farm land owned by the upper class (freeholders and smallholders)
  
• working class--anyone who works in a factory or for wages on a farm or as a domestic servant, blue collar, working poor
  
• poor people who could not support themselves
  
• what did middle class people spend the additional money on?
• luxuries and showing off
• buying property for security and status
  
• some factory owners spent surplus profits on expansion and technology
• we need to look not just at how much money people had, but also at how prices changed
  
• working class and middle class became more separate
• public health issues led to worse health
• crowding
• workplace toxins
  
• poor sanitation
  

• rich landowners invested more in agricultural improvements less in factories
  
• factory owners were often middle class people who became rich if they were successful.  The richest industrialists were integrated into the aristocracy (upper class by family)
  
• the upper middle class saw success as its own reward, didn't feel life disrupted, blamed the lower class for not working hard enough
  
• the working class became more divided
• people who had done craft work in their homes (like spinners and handloom weavers) were reduced to poverty
• their work was replaced by machines, some operated by relatively high paid men, others by low paid women and children
  

Living conditions were often very bad

• the revolution here was urbanization
• cities grew rapidly and neither physical infrastructure nor social infrastructure kept up with the increasing population
  
• in some areas 1/2 to 3/4 of worker families lived in cheaply constructed housing with one room per family often with a dirt floor and no plumbing (dumped their chamber pot into the street or gutter), or at best with a pit toilet in the courtyard  Engels on conditions in Manchester
• at best cities provided public water pumps every block or so (image to right), but the water from which these drew was sometimes contaminated with feces
  
• in other cases water came from the same rivers into which the gutters drained sewage
  
• conditions in the industrial cities were so unhealthy that more than half of children died before their 5th birthday
  
• for examples see  Living and Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution

Families: This was a whole new way of life

• factory jobs tended to be less physically strenuous and easier to learn, therefore considered suitable for women and children
  
• an 1835 factory report found 43% of the workers were under 18 (source)
  
• another study estimates that in 1833 10-20% of workers in textile factories were children under the age of 13
• "According to the British Census, in 1841 the three most common occupations of boys were Agricultural Laborer, Domestic Servant and Cotton Manufacture with 196,640; 90,464 and 44,833 boys under 20 employed, respectively. Similarly for girls... in 1841, 346,079 girls were Domestic Servants; 62,131 were employed in Cotton Manufacture and 22,174 were Dress-makers." (source)  Domestic servants usually worked 80 hours a week and might get room and board but very little pay.
  
• women and children were paid less than men so they were hired for the easier jobs
• children has always helped their parents with work, so that transferred to children working in factories
• wages were barely enough for a family to survive if all members over the age of 8 worked
• in 1840 only 20% of the children in London had any schooling
• video: The Children Who Built Victorian Britain
• confusing new way of life
• welfare (support for people who can't support themselves) was the poor house system, very bad conditions
• workers create fraternal organizations to provide burial insurance--this is a beginning of factory workers organizing
  

so who benefits and who is harmed by industrialization

• does everyone get a share of the new wealth?
• it varies, but craft workers replaced by factories lose out most
• in the first phase (1800-1850) factory workers did not benefit much
• what was the impact of the new way of life that resulted from industrialization
• initially there was very little protection for workers
• the new way of life disrupted people's lives in confusing ways
  

Allen concludes that economic and technological progress always means substantial groups of people lose out: today economists sometimes speak of this as creative destruction

• new ways (technologies, economic organization...) necessarily replace old ways
• people who are tied into the old ways will be harmed by the change
• consider the transition from gasoline to electric powered automobiles

What are the revolutions here?

• Urbanization
• social revolution of different balance between the social classes
• revolution in the nature of work--factory work
• revolution in family structure