• prestige and how scientists and engineers interact
• how the ideas are interrelated
• how important is capitalism--high prestige to areas that make money today, less so in the past
• people say science deserves funding because it will lead to new technology, somewhat true but not as true as scientists claim
  

how has the relationship between science and technology changed over time

• ancient Greeks: theoretical science was a branch of philosophy and respected, occasionally technological cleverness was valued, most technology was related to the work of slaves and was beneath the dignity of educated people
  
• middle ages: technology advanced mostly in the hands of craftspeople, science was mostly separate in the universities, a branch of philosophy
  
• scientific revolution: wider interest in technology, the connection was not yet close, but there was much more back and forth, where was seen as practical that was often based on the approach that everything is connected rather than the scientific method. As science becomes narrower late in the scientific revolution it moves away from technology
  
• industrial revolution: mostly based on craft technology and trial and error, but new ideas in science had opened up new possibilities
  
• mid to late 19th century applied science begins to catch up to the new technology and new discoveries in science begin to regularly lead to new developments in technology
  
• 20th century until WWII: applied science is growing but there is still a lot of snobbery about applied science among the people doing basic science
  
• today: much science is oriented towards developing new technology (applied science), some scientists still do basic science, technology makes new science possible, much new technology depends upon science, science and technology are integrated
  

• the mechanical clock had been invented in the late middle ages but the verge and foliot mechanism was very inaccurate
• pendulum mechanism
• but this was still not accurate enough at sea to measure longitude
• today solar noon in Charleston is at 12:33, solar noon in Clemson is at 12:42
• practical problem--finding latitude--that maybe science or technology could solve
• increased scientific interest in astronomy
• encouraged inventors of clocks
• caused governments to have an interest in supporting science
• no one solved the problem until later
  

Science was not separate from practical needs

Francis Bacon and the scientific method

• ancient science was based on philosophy (eg. the stars and planets are unchangeable so must move in circles)
• medieval science was based on authority (start from Aristotle and refine) not experiment
• new early modern ideas: science should be based on experiment, but also should be idealized from the everyday world
• it took a while for people to understand this enough to put words to describing a new scientific method, to differentiate science from philosophy
  
• Bacon:
• science should give us power to do and make things--people gave lip service to this but wasn't yet usual
  
• inductive method--accumulate observations first, before forming theories
• science should be a cooperative enterprise

multiple kinds of professional societies

• networking organizations
• American Medical Association--publishes journals, advocated for the profession
• state medical boards issue licences
• teachers unions or South Carolina Education Association
  

Rise of scientific societies:

The early scientific societies encouraged experiments

• Starting with the Academia naturae curiousium in German in 1652, these published annual collections of papers
• best known and longest lived was the Royal Society of London: chartered in 1662, linked to a journal (Philosophical Transactions) started in 1665
• the Académie Royale des Sciences was funded by the king in hopes that it would lead to useful knowledge and prestige

what was science like in the scientific revolution?

• the scientific method is being invented
• science was lots of different things, it hadn't been narrowed down yet
  
• worldview: everything is connected to everything
• assumptions natural philosophers made:
  
• interconnectedness--all the different kinds of knowledge affect each other
  
• science describes the same world the Bible does
• assumed that the earth was the center of the universe for religious as well as scientific reasons
  
• assumed that science would match up with common sense/observation
• they assumed that analogies, symbols and correspondences had real effects
• the character of science was that all kinds of knowledge are related

How has the character, worldview, method, assumptions of science changed science the early modern era?

• deep religious motivation to study the creator through the creation is mostly gone
• less respect for history and tradition
  
• no longer try to see everything as interconnected
• science is now very specialized and fragmented

the old view of the scientific revolution is it was the time when science separated from religion and magic
so what did happen?

• people got excited about the possibility of new discoveries instead of relying on the old authorities
• this interest in science led to specialization and the approach of simplifying problems
• very successful in speeding up the discovery of new knowledge, but we lost the meaning that comes from living in an interconnected world